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Exploring Atomic Orbitals across the Periodic Table
Tasks 4-6 Exploring Atomic Orbitals
The fourth period is more complex. Period four has three different shapes of orbitals, (s , p , and d).
Task 4. The Fourth Period
Explore the fourth row of the periodic table.
Start at K (Potassium) then go on to Kr (Krypton).
The fourth period has a long stretch of 10 atoms that are quite similar in their outer electron orbitals.
These are called transition metals.
What electron orbital is filling up as a there is one more proton and one more electon in the atom?
of intersting orbitals for your report on the activity. Be sure to record which orbital (s or p) and which level you are viewing.
Task 5. Similarities in Columns
Observe some atoms in columns in the periodic table.
How are the outer (higher energy) orbitals of Lithium, Sodium and Potassium similar?
How what is different about the shapes or sizes of the atoms in this column?
How are the outer orbitals of Carbon (C) and Silicon (Si) similar?
How are they different from the atom to the left and the atom to the right?
of intersting orbitals in the fourth period for your report on the activity.
Task 6. Outer Orbitals and Physical Properties
Look at the column containing Copper (Cu), and Silver (Ag) in period four.
How are the outer orbitals of these elements similar to each other?
How are they different from the atom to the left and the atom to the right?
Copper and silver are excellent conductors of electricity.
The outer electron very easily hops to the next atom in a silver or copper wire to make an electric current.
The force holding the electron is electrostatic. Distance from the nucleus decreases the attractive force.
Can you give an explanation using electron oribitals why copper and silver are excellent conductors?
Can you predict which one, copper or silver, is a better conductor?
Can you give an explanation why?
of copper and silver orbitals for your report on the activity.
Look at Carbon (C) in the viewer. It has two electrons in the p orbital.
Consider the general shape of the carbon atom, both s and p orbitals.
If lots carbon atoms came together in a group. What stacking arrangments might
they naturally make? Remember the 2 electons in the p orbitals are negative in charge.
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<small>1</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load H.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 1 0 0;zoom 53;echo hydrogen;" title="hydrogen">H</a></b>
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<small>2</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load He.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 1 0 0;zoom 31;echo helium;" title="helium">He</a></b>
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<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>3</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Li.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 167;echo lithium;" title="lithium">Li</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>4</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Be.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 112;echo beryllium;" title="beryllium">Be</a></b>
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<td colspan="10">
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<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>5</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load B.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 87;echo helium;" title="boron">B</a></b>
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<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>6</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load C.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 67;echo carbon" title="carbon">C</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>7</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load N.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 56;echo nitrogen" title="nitrogen">N</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>8</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load O.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 48;echo oxygen" title="oxygen">O</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>9</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load F.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 42;echo fluorine" title="fluorine">F</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
<small>10</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ne.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 2 0 0;zoom 38;echo neon;" title="neon">Ne</a></b>
</td>
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<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>11</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Na.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 190;echo sodium;" title="sodium">Na</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>12</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Mg.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 145;echo magnesium;" title="magnesium">Mg</a></b>
</td>
<td colspan="10">
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>13</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Al.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 118;echo aluminum;" title="aluminum">Al</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>14</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Si.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 111;echo silicon;" title="silicon">Si</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>15</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load P.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 98;echo phosphrous;" title="phosphorus">P</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>16</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load S.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 88;echo sulfur;" title="sulfur">S</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>17</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Cl.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 79;echo chlorine;" title="chlorine">Cl</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
<small>18</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ar.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 3 0 0;zoom 71;echo argon;" title="argon">Ar</a></b>
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<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>19</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load K.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 243;echo potassium;" title="potassium">K</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>20</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ca.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 194;echo calcium;" title="calcium">Ca</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>21</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Sc.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 184;echo scandium;" title="scandium">Sc</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>22</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ti.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 176;echo titanium;" title="titanium">Ti</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>23</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load V.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 171;echo vanadium;" title="vanadium">V</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>24</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Cr.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 166;echo chromium;" title="chromium">Cr</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>25</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Mn.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 161;echo manganese;" title="manganese">Mn</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>26</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Fe.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 156;echo iron;" title="iron">Fe</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>27</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Co.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 152;echo cobalt;" title="cobalt">Co</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>28</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ni.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 149;echo nickel;" title="nickel">Ni</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>29</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Cu.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 145;echo copper;" title="copper">Cu</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>30</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Zn.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 142;echo zinc;" title="zinc">Zn</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>31</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ga.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 136;echo gallium;" title="gallium">Ga</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>32</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ge.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 125;echo germanium;" title="germanium">Ge</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>33</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load As.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 114;echo arsenic;" title="arsenic">As</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>34</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Se.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 103;echo selenium;" title="selenium">Se</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>35</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Br.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 94;echo bromine;" title="bromine">Br</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
<small>36</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Kr.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 88;echo krypton;" title="krypton">Kr</a></b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>37</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Rb.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 265;echo rubidium;" title="rubidium">Rb</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>38</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Sr.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 219;echo strontium;" title="strontium">Sr</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>39</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Y.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 212;echo yttrium;" title="yttrium">Y</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>40</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Zr.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 206;echo zirconium;" title="zirconium">Zr</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>41</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Nb.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 198;echo niobium;" title="niobium">Nb</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>42</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Mo.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 190;echo molybdenum;" title="molybdenum">Mo</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>43</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Tc.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 183;echo technetium;" title="technetium">Tc</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>44</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ru.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 178;echo ruthenium;" title="ruthenium">Ru</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>45</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Rh.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 173;echo rhodium;" title="rhodium">Rh</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>46</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Pd.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 4 0 0;zoom 169;echo palladium;" title="palladium">Pd</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>47</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Ag.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 165;echo silver;" title="silver">Ag</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>48</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Cd.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 161;echo cadmium;" title="cadmium">Cd</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>49</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load In.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 156;echo indium;" title="indium">In</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>50</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Sn.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 145;echo tin;" title="tin">Sn</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>51</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Sb.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 133;echo antimony;" title="antimony">Sb</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>52</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Te.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 123;echo tellurium;" title="tellurium">Te</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#7effff">
<small>53</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load I.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 115;echo iodine;" title="iodine">I</a></b>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
<small>54</small><br><b><a href="script:textbox:2:load Xe.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete sign gold hotpink phase atomicOrbital 5 0 0;zoom 108;echo xenon;" title="xenon">Xe</a></b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>55</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo cesium (not shown);" title="cesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>56</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo barium (not shown);" title="barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>57</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo lanthanum (not shown);" title="lanthanum">La*</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>72</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo hafnium (not shown);" title="hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>73</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo tantalum (not shown);" title="tantalum">Ta</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>74</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo tungsten (not shown);" title="tungsten">W</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>75</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo rhenium (not shown);" title="rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>76</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo osmium (not shown);" title="osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>77</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo iridium (not shown);" title="iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>78</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo platinum (not shown);" title="platinum">Pt</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>79</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo gold (not shown);" title="gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>80</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo mercury (not shown);" title="mercury">Hg</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>81</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo thallium (not shown);" title="thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>82</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo lead (not shown);" title="lead">Pb</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>83</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo bismuth (not shown);" title="bismuth">Bi</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>84</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo polonium (not shown);" title="polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
<small>85</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo astatine (not shown);" title="astatine">At</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
<small>86</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo radon (not shown);" title="radon">Rn</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>87</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo francium (not shown);" title="francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f9c282">
<small>88</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo radium (not shown);" title="radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>89</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo actinium (not shown);" title="actinium">Ac+</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>104</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo rutherfordium (not shown);" title="rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>105</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo dubnium (not shown);" title="dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>106</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo seaborgium (not shown);" title="seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>107</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo bohrium (not shown);" title="bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>108</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo hassium (not shown);" title="hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>109</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo meitnerium (not shown);" title="meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>110</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo darmstadtium (not shown);" title="darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>111</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo roentgenium (not shown);" title="roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="6">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
 
</td>
<td colspan="19">
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<th colspan="3" align="left">
* Lanthanoids
</th>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>58</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo cerium (not shown);" title="cerium">Ce</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>59</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo praseodymium (not shown);" title="praseodymium">Pr</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>60</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo neodymium (not shown);" title="neodymium">Nd</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>61</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo promethium (not shown);" title="promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>62</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo samarium (not shown);" title="samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>63</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo europium (not shown);" title="europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>64</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo gadolinium (not shown);" title="gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>65</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo terbium (not shown);" title="terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>66</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo dysprosium (not shown);" title="dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>67</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo holmium (not shown);" title="holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>68</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo erbium (not shown);" title="erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>69</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo thulium (not shown);" title="thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>70</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo ytterbium (not shown);" title="ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>71</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo lutetium (not shown);" title="lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<th colspan="3" align="left">
+ Actinoids
</th>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>90</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo thorium (not shown);" title="thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>91</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo protactinium (not shown);" title="protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>92</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo uranium (not shown);" title="uranium">U</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>93</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo neptunium (not shown);" title="neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>94</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo plutonium (not shown);" title="plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>95</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo americium (not shown);" title="americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>96</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo curium (not shown);" title="curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>97</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo berkelium (not shown);" title="berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>98</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo californium (not shown);" title="californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>99</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo einsteinium (not shown);" title="einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>100</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo fermium (not shown);" title="fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>101</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo mendelevium (not shown);" title="mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>102</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo nobelium (not shown);" title="nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffff7a">
<small>103</small><br><a href="script:textbox:2:load nodata.html;script:jmol:1:select all;spacefill off;isosurface delete;echo lawrencium (not shown);" title="lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<td width="50" bgcolor="#f0c0c1">
</td>
<td>
Rare Gas
</td>
<td width="50" bgcolor="#f9c282">
</td>
<td>
Metal
</td>
<td width="50" bgcolor="#c7fdcb">
</td>
<td>
Metalloid
</td>
<td width="50" bgcolor="#ffff7a">
</td>
<td>
Transition Metal
</td>
<td width="50" bgcolor="#7effff">
</td>
<td>
Non-metal
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</html>
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