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Types of Bonds: Extending to Larger Molecules
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Types of Bonds: Extending Predictions to Larger Molecules
Drag or shift-drag over the above molecules to rotate and zoom them.
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Polarity of
single bonds within larger molecules can make the entire molecule polar or
non-polar. By studying how pairs of atoms bond together it can help you to
design more complex molecules with specific properties.</font>
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Below
are two molecules. The one on the left is made by bonding carbon to
carbon (C-C) and carbon to hydrogen (C-H). The electronegativity
difference in both of these bonding pairs (C - C = 0 and
C - H = 0.45) falls into the non-polar range. Because all the bonds
in pentane are non-polar, pentane is non-polar. The only difference
in </font>
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<img src="bondTableComp.png" height="86" width="218">
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1-pentanol
is that an oxygen is added. However, this causes two new bonding
pairs: oxygen-carbon and oxygen-hydrogen. The electronegativity
difference here causes the bonds to be polar (O - C = 0.89 and
O - H = 1.34), so the molecule is considered to be polar. </font>
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The
proteins in your body are made by linking up 20 different kinds
amino acids to form very large molecules. Some proteins end up stuck
in the cell membranes. Those proteins typically have a polar section
which interacts with the water inside and outside of the cell, as
well as a non-polar </font>
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<img src="glutamine.gif" height="170" width="228">
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<img src="phenylalanine.gif" height="170" width="250">
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">section
which spans the actual cell membrane. Above are two of the 20 amino
acids, the main difference being in their sidechains which give the
amino acids their properties. Use the electronegativity table above
to determine if the sidechains are polar or non-polar. In other
words, </font><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4" color="#000000">are
there any polar bonds in the sidechains or are all of the bonds
non-polar?</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4" color="#990000">
Right-click (or control-click) on the amino acids and use the
annotation tools to highlight any polar bonds you find. Describe why
you picked those bonds to be polar or non-polar in the text area
below the image. </font></strong>
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<strong><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Which amino
acid would be good to use in the part of the protein that spans the cell
membrane?</font></strong><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
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glutamine
phenylalanine
either would work well
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<strong><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Explain why you made that choice.</font></strong>
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