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Atomic and Molecular Dipoles
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You drink water and breathe air. One is a liquid and the other a gas. Water is made of molecules that stick together. Air is also made of molecules but is a gas. Why do water molecules stick into liquids, while those in the air bounce around far apart from each other under the same conditions?
What is in the air?
Imagine......
What have we discovered?
It seems that all molecules are sticky, but some are stickier than others. Why?
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<b><font size="5" face="Trebuchet MS">Atomic and Molecular Dipoles</font></b>
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<font size="4">The table to the right lists all molecules that make
up air. What do they all have in common? What makes them so
different from water molecules? Is there something "non-sticky"
about molecules of gases? Maybe those “independent” molecules can
never stick together? </font>
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<font size="4">In fact, scientists proved that all molecules on
Earth, including those in the air, can stick into liquids if
enough heat is removed so they do not bounce around so much. In
fact, planets very far from the Sun have very low temperatures.
Saturn's air temperature is -301.27 F (or -185.15 C), Uranus is
colder (-353.47 F or -214.15 C) and Neptune is the coldest
(-373.27 F or -225.15 C). What if the Earth's air had a
temperature close to that of Saturn? What would happen to the
gases in the Earth's atmosphere?</font>
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<font size="3">Nitrogen </font>
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<font size="3">78.084% </font>
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<font size="3">Oxygen </font>
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<font size="3">20.9476% </font>
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<font size="3">Argon </font>
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<font size="3">0.934% </font>
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<font size="3">Carbon Dioxide </font>
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<font size="3">0.0314% </font>
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<font size="3">Neon </font>
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<font size="3">0.001818% </font>
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<font size="3">Methane </font>
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<font size="3">0.0002% </font>
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<font size="3">Helium </font>
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<font size="3">0.000524% </font>
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<font size="3">Krypton </font>
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<font size="3">0.000114% </font>
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<font size="3">Hydrogen </font>
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<font size="3">0.00005% </font>
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<font size="3">Xenon </font>
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<font size="3">0.0000087% </font>
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<font size="4">If the Earth's temperature were to drop to minus
182.96 degrees, all the oxygen in the atmosphere would become
sticky enough to form a liquid and would rain, creating oceans of
liquid oxygen. If the temperature dropped some 30 degrees lower,
so that it was more like the temperature on Uranus, all the
nitrogen in the air would become sticky enough to form a liquid. </font>
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<font size="4">It seems that none of the planets is cold enough to
make helium sticky. To make helium a liquid, you would have to get
close to absolute zero. Then the entire atmosphere would rain down
on the Earth! </font>
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<font size="4">But as you add a little heat to this ocean of
liquid air, it would go back to gases. The less sticky molecules
will become gas first. Water, on the other hand, would require a
lot of heat to turn into a gas (vapor). </font>
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