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Chemical Bonds: Representations of Electrons in Orbitals
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5" color="#FFFFFF"><strong>Chemical Bonds:</strong> Introduction - representations of electrons in orbitals.</font>
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<td><img src="atomMainIdea.png" width="98" height="58"></td>
<td><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Everything is made from atoms and molecules, and virtually all substances are made from atoms bonded together with <strong>strong chemical bonds</strong> of which there are two major types: <strong>ionic and covalent</strong>. Electrons are the key to bonding, so we will study their interactions. The orbital shapes which describe where the electrons can be found may be represented in several different ways as seen below. </font></td>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Atoms are
usually represented as a solid spherical ball. However this simplistic
view of an atom is misleading. </font>
<p>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">An atom is
constructed from an ultra-tiny positive nucleus, and a "cloud" of one or
more electrons. Virtually all the mass of an atom is concentrated in the
nucleus with the electrons having almost no mass and physically taking
up almost no space. </font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">When we think
of the "size" of an atom, what we are measuring is <strong>a
region around the nucleus where you are likely to find the electrons. This
region is called an orbital.</strong> To the right are two different ways
to represent orbitals. On top a 3D view shows a surface which marks a
certain cutoff point where the electrons are likely to be found. The
bottom images represent the likelihood of finding electrons by the density
of the blue color. </font>
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<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Which answer
below best describes an orbital:</font></strong>
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a circular path followed by an electron
an elliptical path followed by an electron
a region where you are likely to find an electron
where your grade will go if you get this right
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">The image
above showing an "s" orbital is a good representation of a hydrogen atom.
The small red sphere represents hydrogen's nucleus consisting of one
proton, and the blue haze represents hydrogen's single electron which can
be found in a spherical area defined by the "s" orbital shape shown above.
Protons are positive, and electrons are negative, which is why they
attract to each other. To understand bonds, we will experiment with how
the electrons (primarily the valence or outermost electrons) are affected
by nearby charges and other atoms. </font>
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