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Heat and Temperature: An Energy View of Heating
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(Note: the thermal expansion in this model is exaggerated. In reality, it is much smaller.)
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5" color="#FFFFFF"><strong>Heat and Temperature:</strong> An Energy View of Heating</font>
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<td><img src="motionMainIdea.png" width="98" height="58"></td>
<td><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">When you heat a substance, its temperature increases. What actually happens at the atomic scale is not just the rise of temperature (i.e. atoms move faster). There are other important changes when atoms respond to heat. These changes involve the potential energy resulting from the interactions among atoms.</font></td>
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<area coords="290,130,400,145" shape="rect" href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy<br>of all of its atoms.</font></t>"></area>
<area coords="420,225,480,250" shape="rect" href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>The potential energy of atoms is the energy resulting from their interactions.<br>It is often determined by the spatial arrangement of atoms.</font></t>"></area>
<area coords="310,410,440,420" shape="rect" href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to<br>a change of temperature.</font></t>"></area>
<area coords="520,410,620,420" shape="rect" href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>Phase change is the change of matter from one phase to another.<br>For instance, the melting of ice is a phase change between solid<br>and liquid. The evaporation of water is a phase change between<br>liquid and gas.</font></t>"></area>
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The following diagram shows what happens when you add energy to atoms. If
there is a term used in this diagram that you do not already know what it
means, click it for an explanation.
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<img usemap="#map" src="heat.gif">
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The following model shows how the average kinetic energy and potential
energy changes when we heat or cool the solid, which is represented by the
lattice of gray atoms connected by bonds. The graph on the right shows the
average kinetic energy (<font color="red">red line</font>) and the average
potential energy (<font color="blue">blue line</font>) of the solid. The
potential energy of the solid includes the bond energy and the van der
Waals energy (if you do not know what these two energies are, just think
of them as something like the energy stored in very small elastic rubber
band between atoms for now).
<p>
What to do: Hit the "Heat" or "Cool" button and observe what happens to
the graph on the right. Meanwhile, pay attention to how the volume of
the solid expands (note that the original surface is marked by the
dotted line).
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Time (fs)
Kinetic Energy/Particle
Potential Energy/Particle
350
250
Time (fs)
Energy per atom (eV)
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600
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Redder means higher kinetic energy.
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Heat
org.concord.mw2d.models.MolecularModel
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Cool
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This model shows a solid responds to heat input by increasing its volume,
which is <b>thermal expansion</b> (<a href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>Although most materials expand when heated, there are some exceptional materials that actually<br>contract within certain temperature range. This is called <b>negative thermal expansion</b>.</font></t>">note</a>),
in addition to temperature rise. It does not show what happens if you
continue to heat it up, which is beyond the scope of this activity and
covered in <a href="../phasechange/index.cml"><font>another
activity</font></a> dedicated to phase change.
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<b>Take a snapshot of the model that shows thermal expansion, and then
follow the instruction below to drag in the snapshot image.</b>
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<b>Take a snapshot of the graph that shows the increasing of energy when
heated, and then follow the instruction below to drag in the snapshot
image.</b>
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