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Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry: Getting the ratios right.
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5" color="#FFFFFF"><strong>Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry:</strong> Getting the ratios right.</font>
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<td><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">There are many parts of a chemical equation. It is like a recipe that tells you which ingredients to use and what you will make, but it also tells you how much you need of each reactant and how much product you will get. The ratios of reactants and products in chemical equations is called stoichiometry. </font></td>
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<strong><font color="#a65d2c" size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stoichiometry
and Balancing Equations</font></strong>
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<img width="18" src="rule.png" height="6">
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<strong><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A
simple recipe: making peanut butter cookies<br><br></font></strong>
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<td colspan="8">
<strong><font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ingredients
with no amounts:</font></strong>
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<td rowspan="2">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  <img width="30" src="separator.png" height="59"></font>
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<strong><font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">With the
amounts: </font></strong>
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<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">peanut<br>butter</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sugar</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eggs</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img width="18" src="reactionRight.png" height="9">
</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">cookies</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
 
</td>
<td align="center">
<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1</font></strong>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">cup peanut<br>butter</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+</font>
</td>
<td align="center">
<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1</font></strong>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">cup<br>sugar</font>
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<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+</font>
</td>
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<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2</font></strong>
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<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eggs</font>
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<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img width="18" src="reactionRight.png" height="9">
</font>
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<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">16</font></strong>
</td>
<td align="center">
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">cookies</font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Writing the
recipe for a chemical reaction is a little bit more restricted than
making one for peanut butter cookies. In writing a chemical reaction
you must satisfy these two laws of chemistry:</font>
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<br>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1) <strong>The
law of conservation of mass</strong>: The mass of the reactants must
equal the mass of the products. If we look at the unbalanced
chemical equation to the right, you will see this law is violated.</font><br><br><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2)
<strong>The law of definite proportions:</strong> When making a
certain chemical there is only one right ratio of reactants. When
making peanut butter cookies one might use different ingredients or
different amounts of the same ingredients. When making hydrogen
chloride or any other chemical there is only one correct recipe or
ratio of reactants. </font>
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<strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The chemical
equation should be written using the simplest ratios:</font></strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
An equation gives the basic recipe. There are several ratios of hydrogen
to chlorine that will satisfy the above two laws. However, they all can be
simplified to the 1:1:2 ratio you see in the balanced equation:<sub> </sub>
</font><strong><br></strong>
<div align="center">
<strong><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">H<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub><img width="18" src="reactionRight.png" height="9">
2 HCl</font></strong>
</div>
<p align="center">
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Try several
different ratios to see which ones form a complete reaction with nothing
left over:</strong><br></font>
<select script4="script:mw:1:load twoToTwo.mml; run;" script3="script:mw:1:load twoToOne.mml; run;" script2="script:mw:1:load oneToOne.mml; run;" script1="script:mw:1:load hclReaction.mml; stop;" name="menu1" script6="script:mw:1:load fourToFour.mml; run;" script5="script:mw:1:load twoToThree.mml; run;">
<option selected>Select a ratio
<option>1 hydrogen : 1 chlorine
<option>2 hydrogen : 1 chlorine
<option>2 hydrogen : 2 chlorine
<option>2 hydrogen : 3 chlorine
<option>4 hydrogen : 4 chlorine
</select>
</p>
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<body marginheight="5" marginwidth="5" bgcolor="rgb(230, 230, 230)">
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><strong>Which hydrogen
to chlorine ratios give a reaction that forms HCl with nothing left over?
(select all that work)</strong></font>
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1 hydrogen : 1 chlorine
2 hydrogen : 1 chlorine
2 hydrogen : 2 chlorine
2 hydrogen : 3 chlorine
4 hydrogen : 4 chlorine
0 2 4
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<strong><font color="#a65d2c" size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Balancing
the Equation for Water</font></strong>
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Water is made
from hydrogen and oxygen. Below is the unbalanced equation.</font>
<p align="center">
<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="waterEquationFlat.png" height="55" width="190">
</font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Using the menus
below, experiment with determining the correct ratio of hydrogen to
oxygen to water. More than one ratio will work so that water is
produced, using up all of the reactants. However, only one ratio is the
simplest.</font><br><br>
</p>
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<select name="select" script5="script:mw:2:set %h 4; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script4="script:mw:2:set %h 3; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script3="script:mw:2:set %h 2; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script2="script:mw:2:set %h 1; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script1="script:mw:2:set %h 0; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;">
<option value=0>0
<option value=1>1
<option value=2>2
<option value=3>3
<option value=4>4
</select>
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<img src="h2.png" height="22" width="60">
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<select name="select2" script5="script:mw:2:set %o 4; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script4="script:mw:2:set %o 3; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script3="script:mw:2:set %o 2; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script2="script:mw:2:set %o 1; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;" script1="script:mw:2:set %o 0; set %model (%h*10)+%o; load water%model.mml;">
<option value=0>0
<option value=1>1
<option value=2>2
<option value=3>3
<option value=4>4
</select>
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<img src="o2.png" height="22" width="64">
</td>
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<option value=0>0
<option value=1>1
<option value=2>2
<option value=3>3
<option value=4>4
<option value=5>5
<option value=6>6
<option value=7>7
<option value=8>8
<option value=9>9
</select>
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<img src="h20.png" height="22" width="40">
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<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><strong>What is the
correct balanced equation for making water from hydrogen and oxygen?</strong></font>
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<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> --> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> <strong>2</strong> H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> --> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> <strong>4</strong> H<sub>2</sub> +<strong>2</strong> O<sub>2</sub> --> <strong>4</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> <strong>2</strong> H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> --> <strong>2</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> <strong>2</strong> H<sub>2</sub> +<strong>2</strong> O<sub>2</sub> --> <strong>4</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
<html><font color="#5f28c8" size="5"> H<sub>2</sub> +<strong>2</strong> O<sub>2</sub> --> H<sub>2</sub>O</font></html>
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