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Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Protein Synthesis
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<p class="pagetitle"><strong>Proteins and Nucleic Acids:</strong> Protein Synthesis</p>
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<td><p class="mainidea">Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins according to the information carried by messenger RNA.</p></td>
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<font size="4" face="Verdana,sans-serif">Getting the information stored in
messenger RNA and creating a protein chain is known as <b>translation.</b>
Translation begins when the messenger RNA molecule in the cytoplasm
attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome produces a sequence of amino acids
according to the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The model below
simplifies the process, you will learn more about this later. </font>
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Translation: From RNA to protein
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<font size="4" face="Verdana,sans-serif">In the model on the right, amino
acids (represented by white beads) are floating around the cytoplasm randomly.
The ribosome reads the information coded in the RNA and when the correct
amino acid matches the code in the RNA the amino acid is bound to other
amino acids forming a protein chain.<br><br>Run the model and answer the
questions below.</font>
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Making a stop codon
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The following table shows the 64 codons and the amino acid for each. The
direction of the mRNA is 5' to 3'. You will need this table to find the
stop codons that signal the termination of translation, in order to work
with the following model.<br><br>
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<font size="3">2nd base </font>
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U
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C
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A
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G
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<font size="3">1st<br>base </font>
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U
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<font size="2">UUU➜(Phe/F)Phenylalanine<br>UUC➜(Phe/F)Phenylalanine<br>UUA➜(Leu/L)Leucine<br>UUG➜(Leu/L)Leucine</font>
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<td valign="top">
<font size="2">UCU➜(Ser/S)Serine<br>UCC➜(Ser/S)Serine<br>UCA➜(Ser/S)Serine<br>UCG➜(Ser/S)Serine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">UAU➜(Tyr/Y)Tyrosine<br>UAC➜(Tyr/Y)Tyrosine<br>UAA➜Ochre (</font><i><font size="2" color="red">Stop</font></i><font size="2">)<br>UAG➜Amber (<i><font size="2" color="red">Stop</font></i>)
</font>
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<font size="2">UGU➜(Cys/C)Cysteine<br>UGC➜(Cys/C)Cysteine<br>UGA➜Opal (</font><i><font size="2" color="red">Stop</font></i><font size="2">)<br>UGG➜(Trp/W)Tryptophan
</font>
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<th>
C
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<td valign="top">
<font size="2">CUU➜(Leu/L)Leucine<br>CUC➜(Leu/L)Leucine<br>CUA➜(Leu/L)Leucine<br>CUG➜(Leu/L)Leucine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">CCU➜(Pro/P)Proline<br>CCC➜(Pro/P)Proline<br>CCA➜(Pro/P)Proline<br>CCG➜(Pro/P)Proline
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">CAU➜(His/H)Histidine<br>CAC➜(His/H)Histidine<br>CAA➜(Gln/Q)Glutamine<br>CAG➜(Gln/Q)Glutamine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">CGU➜(Arg/R)Arginine<br>CGC➜(Arg/R)Arginine<br>CGA➜(Arg/R)Arginine<br>CGG➜(Arg/R)Arginine
</font>
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A
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<font size="2">AUU➜(Ile/I)Isoleucine<br>AUC➜(Ile/I)Isoleucine<br>AUA➜(Ile/I)Isoleucine<br>AUG➜(Met/M)Methionine, <i>Start</i>
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">ACU➜(Thr/T)Threonine<br>ACC➜(Thr/T)Threonine<br>ACA➜(Thr/T)Threonine<br>ACG➜(Thr/T)Threonine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">AAU➜(Asn/N)Asparagine<br>AAC➜(Asn/N)Asparagine<br>AAA➜(Lys/K)Lysine<br>AAG➜(Lys/K)Lysine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">AGU➜(Ser/S)Serine<br>AGC➜(Ser/S)Serine<br>AGA➜(Arg/R)Arginine<br>AGG➜(Arg/R)Arginine
</font>
</td>
</tr>
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<th>
G
</th>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">GUU➜(Val/V)Valine<br>GUC➜(Val/V)Valine<br>GUA➜(Val/V)Valine<br>GUG➜(Val/V)Valine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">GCU➜(Ala/A)Alanine<br>GCC➜(Ala/A)Alanine<br>GCA➜(Ala/A)Alanine<br>GCG➜(Ala/A)Alanine
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">GAU➜(Asp/D)Aspartic acid<br>GAC➜(Asp/D)Aspartic acid<br>GAA➜(Glu/E)Glutamic acid<br>GAG➜(Glu/E)Glutamic acid
</font>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">GGU➜(Gly/G)Glycine<br>GGC➜(Gly/G)Glycine<br>GGA➜(Gly/G)Glycine<br>GGG➜(Gly/G)Glycine
</font>
</td>
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</table>
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DNA is a long strand of genetic code, in which different segments encode
different proteins. How does DNA know which one is which? The answer is
through the stop codons.<br><br>Below the model to the right, there are three
drop-down menu for mutating the RNA triplet codon that are marked red.
Your task is to make a mutation so that the translation stops there.
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Use the pull-down menus to change the RNA codon of the red triplet: <b><font size="4">➩</font>
</b>
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<b>The information in the first three nucleotides codes for the following
amino acid:</b>
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K (lysine)
H (histidine)
A (alanine)
S (serine)
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>The function of
RNA is to create a protein chain. How is an RNA's structure related to its
function? </strong></font>
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