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From DNA to Proteins: Transcription - copying a gene to mRNA
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See an animation of the transcription process.
(Note: The source of the mRNA nucleotides is not shown,
but they are normally found floating around inside of the cell.)
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<strong><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5">From
DNA to Proteins:</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5">
Transcription - copying a gene to mRNA</font>
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<b>Modeling Transcription</b>
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<p class="firstp">
Every cell in our body has exactly the same DNA with the same genes (a
specific sequences of nucleotides that can be inherited). Some genes are
suppressed, some other genes are open, available for transcription. <b>Transcription</b>
is the process by which an mRNA copy of these genes is made from the
gene's DNA nucleotide sequence. This is the first step in making
proteins. Cells can make many copies of the same gene using this
technique.
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In the model below, you can see a 2D version of DNA. The container
background is blue, modeling water bathing everything in the cell. The
two strands of DNA below can be categorized into the <b>coding strand</b>
and the <b>template strand</b>. In our model the coding strand is always
the top strand, and the template strand is always the bottom strand. The
template strand is the one from which the mRNA copy is made.
</p>
<p>
Using the model below you will see a process of transcription in a
simplified version of the animation shown above.
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1. Click the <i><b>Step by step</b></i> button.<br><br>
</p>
<strong><font face="sansSerif" size="4">Describe the first step of
transcription. What does the model show? </font></strong>
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2. An enzyme called <b>RNA Polymerase</b> arrives and positions itself
around the DNA. (We don't show this in the model.) It takes
free-floating nucleotides in the nucleus (at a rate of 30 per second)
and builds a copy of the DNA, called <b>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</b>, shown
as the nucleotide chain connected with a red line. Continue to click the <i><b>Step
by Step</b></i> button to see which nucleotides will be matched with
each other.
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<strong><font face="sansSerif" size="4">List two ways in which the RNA
strand in the model above is different than DNA strand from which it was
copied (the template strand).</font></strong>
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<strong><font face="sansSerif" size="4">If six bases on the template
strand of DNA are AGTAAC, what are the six bases on the complementary
section of the RNA? </font></strong>
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