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Lipids and Carbohydrates: Linear vs. Branched Polysaccharides
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<p class="pagetitle">
<strong>Lipids and Carbohydrates:</strong> Linear vs. Branched
Polysaccharides
</p>
</body>
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<img width="98" height="58" src="atomMainIdea.png">
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<p class="mainidea">
Polysaccharides are sugar polymers, single sugars joined by
enzymes into long chains. They are used both for energy storage
and for making strong cellular structures.
</p>
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</table>
</body>
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<p class="firstp">
Polysaccharides are used as important <b>energy stores and
cellular building materials</b> for living creatures:
</p>
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<td>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Starch is made of chains of glucose sugars</b>. It's found in
rice and potatoes and is an energy-storage polysaccharide .
</li>
<li>
<b>Plant cell walls are made strong with cellulose.</b> Cell
walls of algae are reinforced with similar polysaccharides
called agar.
</li>
<li>
<b>The polysaccharide chitin is the main component of external
skeletons</b> - the outer shells of insects such as ants and
beetles, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters. Chitin also
makes up the only hard pieces of octopuses and squids - their
beaks, which are found at the base of their eight legs.
</li>
</ul>
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<img width="300" height="226" src="octopus.jpg">
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<p>
Let's first get an idea of how the longer carbohydrate chains
assemble.<br><b>What to do:</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
First use the controls below to watch both movies.
</li>
<li>
Notice how sugars are joined into chains, then how two chains
interact.
</li>
<li>
Then explore using the other controls.
</li>
</ul>
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</table>
</body>
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<td colspan="4">
<input name="Button1" script="script:nativescript:plugin:1:isosurface delete; script moviePolysacc.spt" type="submit" alt="see a polysaccharide chain" value="Movie 1: Build chain">
</td>
<td width="6">
</td>
<td width="24">
<input selfscript="selectcomponent 4 false;" name="RadioGroup1" script="script:nativescript:plugin:1:set echo off; isosurface delete; select displayed; off2cpk;" type="radio" alt="see the atoms in a spacefilling display">
</td>
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spacefill 
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<input selfscript="selectcomponent 4 false;" name="RadioGroup1" script="script:nativescript:plugin:1:set echo off; isosurface delete; select displayed; cpk2off; " type="radio" alt="see the bonds">
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stick
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<input selfscript="selectcomponent 4 false;" name="Button3" script="script:nativescript:plugin:1:isosurface delete; script movieSecondPolysacc.spt" type="submit" alt="see how two polysaccharide chains interact" value="Movie 2: Two chains">
</td>
<td>
 
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<!--<input name="checkbox2" value="surface" script_selected="script:nativescript:plugin:1:set echo off; isosurface delete; select displayed; isosurface ignore (not selected) sasurface 0.6 ; " script_deselected="nativescript:plugin:1:isosurface delete;" type="checkbox" alt="view the surface of the polysaccharide">-->
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<!--surface-->
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<input selfscript="selectcomponent 4 false;" name="RadioGroup1" script="script:nativescript:plugin:1:set echo off; display ~chainA; isosurface delete; wireframe 0.2;" type="radio" alt="">
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one chain
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two chains
</td>
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<td align="right" width="24">
<input script_selected="script:nativescript:plugin:1:set echo off; isosurface delete; display all; select all; script hbondsCarb.spt;" name="checkbox2" script_deselected="nativescript:plugin:1:select all; hbonds off;" type="checkbox" alt="view the forces between chains" value="weakbonds">
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hydrogen bonds
</td>
<td colspan="6">
 
</td>
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<p class="firstp">
Let's boil some polysaccharides, and discover which type is harder to
break apart. Since the chains are held together by hydrogen bonds, we
should be able to break them apart by adding energy (heat) into the
water. By doing so in a model, we can can compare the strength of
attraction between cellulose fibers, and a branching polysaccharide like
starch.
</p>
<p>
<b>What to do:</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
In the models below, the gray balls are monosaccharides (single
sugars) that are covalently bonded into polysaccharides.
</li>
<li>
Run the model and use the slider to increase the temperature.
</li>
<li>
Notice which polysaccharide breaks apart first.
</li>
</ul>
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<p class="question">
Long linear polysaccharides make strong fibers because:
</p>
</body>
</html>
<html>The polysaccharide molecules are strong molecules.</html>
<html>The carbon backbone makes the polysaccharide more rigid than other macromolecules.</html>
<html>Aligning many linear molecules next to each other guarantees they will repel each other.</html>
<html>Chains next to each other interconnect with many hydrogen bonds.</html>
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Branched polysaccharides can be more easily separated into individual
chains than linear polysaccharides like cellulose. This is explained by:
</p>
</body>
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<html>the tight fit that can occur between branched molecules.</html>
<html>the increased number of covalent bonds in linear chains.</html>
<html>the increased number of weak interactions that can form between branched chains.</html>
<html>the increased number of weak interactions that can form between linear chains.</html>
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