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Lipids and Carbohydrates: Adding Oxygen to Hydrocarbons
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<p class="pagetitle">
<strong>Lipids and Carbohydrates:</strong> Phospholipids Build
Biological Membranes
</p>
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<img src="atomMainIdea.png" width="98" height="58">
</td>
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<p class="mainidea">
Fatty acids form micelles in water. More complex lipids, called
phospholipids, form membranes.
</p>
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</table>
</body>
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<p class="firstp">
<b>Phospholipids, made from two fatty acids and a polar head region,
form important double layers (bilayers) in water.</b> In cells, the
double layers create flexible, oily walls that separate spaces from one
another. Examples of spaces that membranes separate are: inside and
outside the cell, inside and outside cell compartments such as the
nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria.
</p>
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{name="script" value="reset; rotate z 123.93; rotate y 159.37; rotate z 119.04; frank off; script echoTopLeft.spt; echo A phospholipid is made from|two fatty acids joined by|a polar head region; background IMAGE "elementsCHONPjmol.gif";"}
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<body class="question">
<p class="question">
In the space below, place a snapshot of the phospholipid. Use the
annotation tools to indicate the head, tails, polar, and non-polar
areas. <a href="script:page:0:message hintp3lipid.html">Hint</a>.
</p>
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<td>
<img src="atomsBullet.png" width="33" height="23">
</td>
<td>
<p class="subhead">
How do lipid bilayers help control what enters and leaves a cell?
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<p class="firstp">
All bilayer membranes regulate what can enter and leave a space. Only
certain types of molecules can move right through a membrane. What kinds
of molecules can cross through?
</p>
<p>
<b>What to do:</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Use the buttons next to the model below</b> to explore which kinds
of atoms or molecules can pass freely through a bilayer membrane, and
which can not.
</li>
<li>
<b>Remember that water is present</b> (though not always shown here)
inside and outside a cell at all times.
</li>
</ul>
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<img src="aquaporeTitle.png" width="712" height="26">
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<td valign="top">
 
</td>
<td align="center">
<span class="style1"><strong>SELECT ONE</strong></span>
</td>
<td align="center">
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>
<input id="RadioGroup1_0" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%pos%dotmml; else; load %pos%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%pos); run " type="radio" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
<br>
</p>
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<span class="style1">positive ion (Na<sup>+</sup>)</span>
</td>
<td align="center">
<img height="8" width="8" src="pos.png">
</td>
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<tr>
<td valign="top">
<input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%neg%dotmml; else; load %neg%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%neg); run" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
</td>
<td>
<span class="style1">negative ion (Cl<sup>-</sup>)</span>
</td>
<td align="center">
<img height="8" width="8" src="neg.png">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<input id="RadioGroup1_2" type="radio" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%co2%dotmml; else; load %co2%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%co2); run" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
</td>
<td>
<span class="style1">small non-polar (CO<sub>2</sub>)</span>
</td>
<td align="center">
<img height="8" width="8" src="co2.png">
</td>
</tr>
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<input id="RadioGroup1_3" type="radio" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%water%dotmml; else; load %water%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%water); run" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
</td>
<td>
<span class="style1">small polar (H<sub>2</sub>O)</span>
</td>
<td align="center">
<img height="14" width="14" src="water.png">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<input id="RadioGroup1_4" type="radio" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%sugar%dotmml; else; load %sugar%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%sugar); run" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
</td>
<td>
<span class="style1">medium polar (sugar)</span>
</td>
<td align="center">
<img height="28" width="28" src="sugar.png">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<input id="RadioGroup1_5" type="radio" script="script:mw2d:1:if (%aquaporeOn); load %aqua-%mix%dotmml; else; load %mix%dotmml; endif; set %currentmodel round(%mix); run" name="RadioGroup1" value="radio">
</td>
<td>
<span class="style1">mix of everything</span>
</td>
<td>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="bottom">
<input type="submit" script="script:mw:1:stop;" alt="Click to stop the model" name="stop" value="stop">
</td>
<td valign="bottom" style="height: 30">
 
</td>
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<p class="question">
Which statement about membrane phospholipids is NOT true?
</p>
</body>
</html>
<html>They associate to form bilayers.
<html>They have hydrophobic "tails."
<html>They have hydrophilic "heads."
<html>They allow certain materials to pass by them.
<html>They allow nothing through ever.
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<p class="question">
After you use the model above, choose one thing in the model that can
cross the membrane, and one thing that can't. For BOTH of your choices,
explain why it can or cannot cross a bilayer membrane.
</p>
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<p class="question">
Describe how the non-polar lipid tails are important to the functioning
of bilayer membranes.
</p>
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