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From DNA to Proteins: Substitution mutations
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF" size="5"><strong>From
DNA to Proteins: </strong>Substitution mutations</font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><strong>Substitution
mutations</strong> are usually caused by an error in the DNA
replication process. During the copying of the DNA strand, a wrong
nucleotide can be inserted. On this page you will make a
substitution mutation, replacing one nucleotide with another. </font>
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<b>How to make a mutation:</b> Right-click on a nucleotide. Then choose a
mutation from the pop-up menu. <b>What do do: </b>before following the
directions below, practice making some mutations in the DNA sequence.
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<img src="mut_legend.gif">
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<a link_width="500" link_left="500" link_menubar="false" link_toolbar="false" link_height="450" target="_blank" href="geneticCodeTableStatic.cml" link_statusbar="false" link_top="100"><font>Genetic
code table</font></a>
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Transcribe DNA to mRNA
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<b>Challenge: make a mutation that causes a property change</b><font face="sans"><br>Here
you will make a mutation that replaces a hydrophobic amino acid with a
hydrophilic one. </font>
<ol>
<li>
Reset ( <img src="reset.gif"> ) the model.
</li>
<li>
Synthesize the protein and take a snapshot.
</li>
<li>
In the snapshot, find the second amino acid in the protein chain. It's
labeled "Phe", meaning it is a phenylalanine. It's pink, meaning it's
hydrophobic. This is the amino acid you will replace by making a
mutation. Use the arrow tool in the snapshot to point to this amino
acid.
</li>
<li>
Reset ( <img src="reset.gif"> ) the model.
</li>
<li>
In the DNA, locate the codon for the phenylalanine. Find the the
second nucleotide of its triplet, on the top strand (it's the fifth
nucleotide from the left, a T).
</li>
<li>
Make a substitution mutation to change it from T to C.
</li>
<li>
Synthesize your mutant protein.
</li>
<li>
Take another snapshot and use the arrow tool to point to the amino
acid that has replaced the phenylalanine.
</li>
</ol>
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<b>Insert the snapshot image of the protein synthesized before the
mutation.</b>
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<b>Insert the snapshot image of the protein after mutation.</b>
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<b>Challenge: make a mutation that causes NO property change</b><br>Try
out substitutions that replace one hydrophobic amino acid with another.
<ol>
<li>
Press reset ( <img src="reset.gif"> ) to get back the original DNA
sequence.
</li>
<li>
Make a new substitution mutation somewhere in the sequence. Make the
mutation to a triplet that codes for a hydrophobic amino acid (any but
the first), to see if the resulting amino acid is still hydrophobic.
</li>
<li>
Synthesize your new protein, and take a snapshot. Underneath the
snapshot, record where you made your mutation. Is the new amino acid
hydrophobic?
</li>
<li>
<b>Optional</b>: repeat this process a few times, to see how often you
get a change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. It should be not very
often.
</li>
</ol>
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<b>Insert a snapshot image of the protein after a substitution mutation
that replaces a hydrophobic amino acid with a different hydrophobic amino
acid.</b>
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<b>Insert a snapshot image of the protein after a substitution that
replaces a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophilic amino acid.</b>
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<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><strong>Some
substitution mutations result in a malfunctioning protein, but others do
not. Why is this?</strong></font>
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