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From DNA to Proteins: Insertions and deletions
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<strong><font size="5" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">From
DNA to Proteins:</font></strong><font size="5" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
Insertions and deletions</font>
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In an <strong>insertion
mutation</strong>, an extra nucleotide is put into the sequence. A <strong>deletion
mutation</strong> removes a nucleotide.</font>
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<b>The Frame-Shift Effect</b><br>An insertion or deletion of a
single nucleotide causes a much bigger change in the protein than a
substitution, because of the frame-shift effect. The <b>reading frame</b>
of a gene is the organization of the DNA into three-letter codons. <b>A
frame-shift occurs when an insertion or deletion shifts nucleotides
over, while the reading frame stays in place.</b> For example, as
you can see in the diagram, the sequence following an insertion
stays the same, but the codons change. The result is that the codons
after the inserted nucleotide code for different amino acids.
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<b><font face="sans">Before insertion</font></b><br><font face="sans"><br><img src="reading_frame.gif"><br><br><b>After
insertion</b><br><img src="frameshift.gif"></font>
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<a link_width="500" link_left="500" link_menubar="false" link_toolbar="false" href="geneticCodeTableStatic.cml" target="_blank" link_height="450" link_statusbar="false" link_top="100"><font>Genetic
code table</font></a>
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<b>Challenge: make an insertion that causes a frame-shift</b>
<ol>
<li>
Synthesize the unmutated protein, and take a snapshot.
</li>
<li>
Make an insertion mutation somewhere in the first half of the sequence.<br>You
should see a frame-shift occur.
</li>
<li>
Synthesize your mutant protein.
</li>
<li>
Take a snapshot.
</li>
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<b>Take a snapshot image that shows the original protein before mutation.</b>
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<b>Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein resulting from the
frame-shift mutation.</b>
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<strong><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Why do
insertion mutations have a bigger effect on the protein than substitution
mutations?</font></strong>
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<b>Challenge: make a combination of insertions or deletions that do NOT
cause a frame-shift</b>
<ol>
<li>
Press reset ( <img src="reset.gif"> ).
</li>
<li>
Make a combination of insertions or deletions, such that no
frame-shift occurs. (❑ <a href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>Here are two ways to make mutations that do not cause a frame-shift:<br>1. Make three insertions in a row, creating a new triplet.<br>2. Make three deletions, so you remove an entire triplet.</font></t>">hint</a>)
</li>
<li>
Synthesize your mutant protein.
</li>
<li>
Take a snapshot.
</li>
</ol>
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<b>Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein that is not the
result of a frame-shift.</b>
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<strong><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">How did you
make insertion and/or deletion mutations that did not cause a frame-shift?</font></strong>
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