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From DNA to Proteins: Translation
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❐ See an animation of the translation process.
(Note: The sources of the mRNA nucleotides and the amino acids are not shown,
but they are normally found floating around inside of the cell.)
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<strong><font size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF">From
DNA to Proteins:</font></strong><font size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF">
Translation</font>
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<img src="atomMainIdea.png" height="58" width="98">
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Transcription
is the first step in the process of making proteins, so what is the
second step? </font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">In <a href="script:page:0:message eukaryotes.html">eukaryotes</a>,
the DNA is inside a nucleus, so that is where the mRNA is made. When the
mRNA leaves the nucleus, it docks with a large molecular machine called a
ribosome (made from several other large biomolecules). The ribosome
detects the sequence of nucleotides of the mRNA, and uses that information
to link together a sequence of amino acids. The linked chain of amino
acids is the primary structure of a protein.  This process of synthesizing
a protein is called <b>translation</b>. </font>
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<strong><font size="5" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#5c7b67">Modeling
transcription and translation</font></strong>
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<img src="rule.png" height="6" width="18">
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<p class="firstp">
Use the model below to control both steps in the pathway from DNA to
protein: First, transcription, pairing of RNA nucleotides with a DNA
template strand to make an mRNA, and Second, translation, using the mRNA
sequence information to link amino acids together to make a protein.<br><b>What
to do: </b><br>
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Run the model by clicking the <b>Transcribe</b> button.
</li>
<li>
Then use the <b>Translate</b> button to see amino acids being linked
together into a protein.
</li>
<li>
<b>Reset</b> the model and repeat the processes, but this time, <b>use
the Translate step-by-step button</b>, watching carefully to see how
translation proceeds. Note that the codon being translated is the one
in the center of the ribosome (green box).
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</ol>
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<center>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">What's <a href="script:page:0:message tRNA.html">missing</a>
in the model?</font>
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<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Click the
"Translate step by step" buttton and describe each step as the RNA is
translated.</font></strong>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">In a real
cell, many proteins are made from a single mRNA. To make a second protein,
press the <b>Stop the model </b>button, and drag the protein out of the
way. Then, click the <b>Translate</b> button again. When it is done, you
can <b>Stop the model</b>, move the second protein, and compare the
proteins.</font>
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<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Compare the
sequence and shape of both proteins that are formed.</font></strong>
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