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Four Levels of Protein Structure: Secondary Structure
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Proteins also have secondary structures called turns and loops. See them in this BioLink.
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<strong>Four Levels of Protein Structure:</strong> Secondary Structure
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<p class="mainidea">
Secondary structures are the shapes that form between neighboring
amino acids in a protein chain.
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<p class="subhead">
The Alpha Helix and the Beta Sheet
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<b>Two easily recognized secondary structures occur over and over again
in most proteins. </b>An <b>alpha helix</b> is formed when the protein
curls around into a spiral shape, and a <b>beta sheet</b> is formed when
extended parts of the protein line up next to each other, defining a
flattened shape. Below are models of the alpha helix and beta sheet.
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<b><a href="script:page:0:message animControls.html">Use the animation
controls</a> underneath the models</b> to see different ways these
structures can be drawn. Learn to recognize alpha helices and beta
sheets, so you will be able to find them in a whole protein (below).
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Notice that the alpha helix is a made from single stretch of amino
acids, but the beta sheet is made from two separate pieces of a protein
chain.
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Exploring Secondary Structures in a Protein Kinase
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<b>A Kinase is a Type of Protein Switch</b><br>Kinase proteins are like
molecular switches: they turn other molecules on and off. Kinases do
this by taking a phosphate from ATP and attaching it to another
molecule, which either activates (turns on) or deactivates (turns off)
the other molecule. There are hundreds of different kinases and they
regulate many important cellular functions. When they don't work
properly, cancer can result.
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Many kinases have very simlar <a href="script:page:0:message primaryStructure.html">primary
structures</a>, which causes them to fold into the same <b>secondary
structures</b>, and the same overall shape, enabling them to perform the
same sort of function.
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<p>
<b>Use the controls beneath the model to explore the folds of this
kinase. Then, take snapshots to illustrate the descriptions in the image
questions below. </b>
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<font size="2">Highlight 12 amino acids<br>starting at number</font>
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<select script4="script:jmol:3:script jmol-p2-cartoon.spt" script3="script:jmol:3:script jmol-p2-aminoAcidsBeads.spt" script2="script:jmol:3:script jmol-p2-allAtomsBallStick.spt" script1="script:jmol:3:script jmol-p2-allAtomsSpacefill.spt">
<option selected>all atoms spacefill
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<b>Hint: </b>To make it easier to find the structures, use this menu
(at left) to change the way the structures are drawn.
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<font size="2">Highlight 30 amino acids<br>starting at number</font>
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Take a snapshot of an alpha helix that shows how it folds.
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Take a snapshot of a beta sheet that shows how much space it occupies
within the protein.
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