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My report on "From DNA to Proteins"
My report on "From DNA to Proteins"
Student name: cassandra hradil
Teacher name: donegane
Class: bio521pd7
School: Barrington High School
Submission Time: 3/24/10 4:26 PM
Page 1 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page5.cml
1. Make a prediction: which mutation types do you think will most likely cause the biggest changes in the translated protein? (Check ALL that apply.)
(a) substitution
(b) insertion
(c) deletion
My answer is (b) (c) (12:54:29 PM)
2. Explain the reasoning behind your prediction. (In the rest of this activity, you will learn how to test this prediction.)
Insertions and deletions cause the most change in the translated protein, because when a base is added or removed, it moves the entire sequence to the left or the right, thereby affecting every codon that occurs after the change. (12:56:16 PM)
Page 2 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page6.cml
1. Challenge 1: Insert the snapshot image of the protein synthesized before the mutation.
2. Challenge 1: Insert the snapshot image of the protein after mutation.
3. Challenge 2: Place an image of a protein here that has one of the original hydrophobic amino acids changed to another by a substitution mutation.
4. Some substitution mutations result in a malfunctioning protein, but others do not. What might be the reason for this?
Some substitutions may result in a codon that codes for a similar or identical amino acid to the intended one.
Page 3 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page7.cml
1. All of the following codons are used in the model below. Synthesize the protein, and then check off the ones that code for Leu. (Check ALL that apply.)
(a) CUC
(b) CUA
(c) CUU
(d) CCU
My answer is (a) (b) (c) (3:56:43 PM)
2. Enter the original codon:
TCT (3:59:28 PM)
3. Enter the mutated codon:
TCC (4:00:49 PM)
4. What amino acid is specified by both codons?
Arginine (4:00:16 PM)
Page 4 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page8.cml
1. Drag a snapshot image that shows the mutated protein.
(4:06:22 PM)
2. Compare the effects of a mutation that causes an amino acid change with a mutation that causes a stop codon. Which do you think would affect the protein more? Why?
I think a stop codon mutation would have a greater effect on a protein, because while an amino acid change MIGHT change the protein a little, a stop codon would prevent entire sections of it from translating. (4:09:07 PM)
Page 5 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page9.cml
1. Take a snapshot image that shows the original protein before mutation.
(4:10:39 PM)
2. Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein resulting from the frame-shift mutation.
(4:12:00 PM)
3. Why do insertion mutations have a bigger effect on the protein than substitution mutations?
Insertions have a greater effect than substitutions because they not only affect one codon, they affect each codon that occurs after, therefore changing each subsequent amino acid. (4:14:12 PM)
4. Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein that is not the result of a frame-shift.
(4:14:58 PM)
5. How did you make insertion and/or deletion mutations that did not cause a frame-shift?
I made a deletion mutation without causing a frame shift by deleting three bases in the same codon, thereby removing that amino acid, but leaving all the others unchanged. (4:16:19 PM)
Page 6 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page10.cml
1. The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called
(a) translation.
(b) transcription.
(c) transformation.
(d) replication.
My answer is (b) (4:17:16 PM)
2. Which one of the following is the mRNA made from the following DNA sequence: TAGTTTAGACGATG
(a) TAGTTTAGACGATC
(b) UAGUUUAGACGAUC
(c) AUCAAAUCUGCUAC
(d) UACUUUACAGCAUC
My answer is (c) (4:17:07 PM)
3. Use the terms DNA, RNA, codon, and protein to explain the connections between genetic information and proteins.
Genetic information is transcribed and translated into proteins. First, DNA is separated into 2 different strands, which are paired with mRNA bases during transcription. Then mRNA takes this information to the ribosome, where it is translated. In translation, each set of three bases, called a codon, codes for 1 amino acid. These codons are used to create a strand of amino acids, forming a protein. (4:22:40 PM)
4. How many nucleotides would be needed to code for a protein with the following amino acid sequence? Ala-Ala-Met-Ile-Leu-Val-Phe-Tyr
(a) 8.
(b) 16.
(c) 24.
(d) 32.
My answer is (c) (4:17:44 PM)
5. In cells that have a nucleus, the DNA is not able to leave the nucleus. How does the information in DNA make its way out of the nucleus so that it can be used in making proteins?
Information in DNA leaves the nucleus by being transcribed onto mRNA. mRNA then leaves the nucleus and heads for the ribosome where proteins are synthesized. (4:24:04 PM)
6. How can a mutation have no effect?
A mutation has no effect when a substitution occurs and changes a codon to a different codon that codes for the same amino acid. (4:25:06 PM)
7. Which types of mutations, among those you created in this activity, are more likely to cause the biggest problems due to the resulting protein? Why?
Frame shift mutations are most likely to cause large problems in the protein because they can affect most of the amino acids that occur after the mutation. (4:26:23 PM)
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