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Solubility: Dissolving Salt in Water
saltandwater.mml, saltonly.mml
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<font color="#00ff00"><strong>Freshwater:</strong> Dissolving Rocks and
Minerals in Water</font>
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<p class="firstp">
<font color="#ffffff">Oceans, which cover nearly 70% of Earth's surface,
are salt-water solutions. On this page, you will learn how salts
dissolve in water. First, let's take a look at the chemical structure of
Common Table salt: NaCl.</font>
</p>
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<font color="#00ff00"><img height="23" src="chargeBullet.png" width="33">
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<font size="5" color="#00ff00" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>What
is salt?</strong></font>
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<img height="6" src="rule.png" width="18">
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<font color="#ffffff">Table salt is an <b>ionic crystal</b> consisting of
positive sodium ions (Na</font><font size="2" color="#ffffff"><sup>+</sup></font><font color="#ffffff">)
and negative chloride ions (Cl</font><font size="2" color="#ffffff"><sup>-</sup></font><font color="#ffffff">)
strongly bound together, which form a lattice as shown in the model to the
left (❐ <a href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>The model is a simplified two-dimensional one.<br>In reality, salt's structure is three-dimensional.<br>The 2D model is a layer of the 3D structure.</font></t>">note</a>).<br><br>Charges
are critically important in maintaining the crystal lattice structure.
Click the "Run" button below to see how the ions in a salt crystal moves,
and then click "What if there is no charge on ions" to see how the
structure changes.<br></font><br><input value="Run" selfscript="enablecomponent 0 false; enablecomponent 1 true;" script="script:mw2d:1:run;" alt="Run" type="submit"><input value="Stop" selfscript="enablecomponent 1 false; enablecomponent 0 true;" script="script:mw2d:1:stop;" alt="Stop" type="submit"><input value="Reset" selfscript="enablecomponent 0 true; enablecomponent 1 false;" script="script:mw2d:1:reset;" alt="Reset" type="submit"><br><input name="button name" value="What if there is no charge on ions?" script="script:mw2d:1:select atom all;charge 0;select atom none;" alt="What if there is no charge on ions?" type="submit">
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<font size="5" color="#00ff00" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>What
happens when salt is put into water?</strong></font>
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<font color="#ffffff">Thanks to intermolecular attractions, the
crystal structure of salt is very stable. Salt does not melt at room
temperature nor does it evaporate into the air. But when it is in
contact with water, something dramatic happens. The following model
shows a microscopic view of what happens at the salt-water interface
(see the image to the left).<br><br>The red atoms represent oxygen
and the white ones hydrogen.</font>
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<font color="#ffffff">1. <a href="script:mw2d:2:run">Run the model</a> of
the salt crystal to observe its molecular motion.<br>2. Then use the
following button to add water to the model:<br><br><input name="button name" value="Add water" script="script:mw2d:2:set %twater 5000;load saltandwater.mml;run;" alt="Add water molecules" type="submit"><br><br>3.
Click the button below if you want to return the model to the starting
salt crystal:</font><br><br><input name="button name" value="Salt crystal" script="script:mw2d:2:load saltonly.mml;run;" alt="Salt crystal" type="submit">
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Take a snapshot that shows some part of salt has been dissolved in water.
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Describe how the interatomic attractions are responsible for salt
dissolving in water. (Hint: Click the following button to remove the
charges on the ions:
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<input name="button name" value="What if water molecules do not have charges?" script="script:mw2d:2:stop immediately;
load saltandwater.mml;
select element 1, 2;
charge 0;
set %twater 1000;
select element none;
run;" alt="What if water molecules do not have charges?" type="submit">
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<p>
Compare the result with the case when water is charged.)
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