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Lipids and Carbohydrates: Introduction
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[To review water-water interactions and hydrogen bonds, view the Chemlink: Water-Water attractions].
Substance #1 in water Substance #2 in water
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<strong>Lipids and Carbohydrates:</strong> Introducing Lipids
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<p class="mainidea">
Lipids include oils, fats, steroid hormones, cholesterol, and wax.
All are made of macromolecules that do not dissolve in water.
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<p class="firstp">
In a honeycomb (see the image on the right) honey is held in small
compartments made of beeswax. Wax makes a good divider for
compartments of honey, because the honey does not mix with the
wax. Wax, a lipid, is not water-soluble, while honey is a mixture
of carbohydrates and water.
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<p>
A honeycomb is just one example of how lipids can form
compartments in watery environments. This simple fact is the basis
for how living cells remain separate from each other.
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<img src="honey_comb.jpg">
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<font size="2">A honeycomb is made of wax, a lipid. The honey itself
is a carbohydrate.</font>
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<p class="subhead">
Why don't lipids mix with water?
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<p class="firstp">
Water molecules are polar and attract one another by forming
hydrogen bonds. <b>In order for a substance to dissolve in water,
it must also be polar, so that it can attract water molecules as
much as they attract each other.</b> When the molecules of the
substance move apart from each other and surround themselves with
water molecules, they are said to dissolve. Dissolving does not
mean that each molecule itself breaks apart - covalent bonds are
not broken when a substance dissolves.
</p>
<p>
<b>Each model below contains three molecules of a particular
substance just after it was added to water. Which substance <a href="script:page:0:message dissolveDefinition.html">dissolves?</a></b>
</p>
<p>
<b>What to do:</b> Use the models below to explore whether the
molecules are good at attracting water - do they surround
themselves with water and move apart from each other? Run both
models at the same time for at least one minute to make sure you
give both an equal chance to dissolve.
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<img src="Hex_ice_lightBlue.gif">
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To dissolve in water a substance must be polar. In the space below,
place a snapshot of the substance that is NOT polar. Use the <a href="script:page:0:message annotationTools.html">annotation
tools</a> to explain how you know the substance is not polar.
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The molecules that ARE dissolved (Check all that apply.)
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are good at attracting water molecules
do not attract water very well
remain grouped together instead of moving apart
move apart by breaking covalent bonds
become surrounded by water
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<img src="page.jpg" width="54" height="26">
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