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<strong>Oil Spill Chemistry:</strong> Experimentation
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<font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The
mechanics of oil spill cleanup can be modeled using Small-Scale
Chemistry techniques. <a href="script:page:0:message Acknowledgment.html">Acknowledgment</a></font>
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Discussion
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The calming effect of oil on rough water has been known for
thousands of years. Benjamin Franklin reported some of the earliest
scientific experiments on the effect of oily films on water. The
unusual behavior of liquid surfaces has fascinated scientists and
mathematicians alike, and has become of such practical importance
that it has become a separate discipline called surface chemistry.
The research challenges in the surface chemistry of liquids lie in
the dynamics of the interactions of the oceans with the atmosphere,
the structure and the properties of biomembranes in plants and
animals, and the environmental consequences of large-scale oil
spills. The containment of oil spilled in the ocean (or any aquatic
environment) is extraordinarily difficult. The removal of oil spread
over the ocean or land surface is almost impossible.
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<img src="franklin.jpg">
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">                               
                                                                                                                 </font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pdt<br>/reference/coop/History.php</font>
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>List at least 3
applications of surface chemistry here:</strong></font>
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Before You Begin
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The observation of surface phenomena, in this instance on a water
surface, requires considerable care and thought. The room lighting
will often determine the appropriate viewing angles at which to see
the various phenomena. In the first experiment explore all the
possiblities. Once you first see the activity at the water surface,
subsequent observations are very easy.
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The Experiment
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1. Clean a plastic petri dish thoroughly with soap and water. Make
sure that all the soap is rinsed away.<br><br>2. Fill the petri dish
bottom about 3/5 full with room temperature water.<br><br>3. Place
the dish onto a white background in a position on the table where
the surface can be viewed easily.<br><br>4. Try looking at the water
surface from different angles until you can see the occasional
specks of dust floating at the surface. You may want to raise the
dish so that it is easier to see the surface at an angle.<br><br><strong>NOTE:
</strong>Once you have established a good viewing position, place
the dish in roughly the same place for all experiments and make a
mental record of where you are in relation to the light and the
dish. The dish and water system is a simple
Langmuir-Blodgett-Pockels trough (LBPT).<br><br>5. Transfer some
motor oil onto the center of the water surface by touching a
toothpick to the oil and then to the surface. Several interesting
things are going to happen in a relatively short period of time, so
watch carefully!
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Observe (in a
good viewing position) and record your observations here:</strong></font>
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6. You can investigate the effect of waves on the oil layer in the
following way. Hold a cotton swab vertically close to the edge of
the dish and dip it in and out of the water in a periodic motion.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Observe and
make notes here:</strong></font>
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7. Design some simple experiments to explore the best way of
removing the oil from the surface.<br><br>8. Remove the oil (by your
best method) and clean the dish thoroughly with soap and water.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Describe your
ideas on how to remove the oil from the surface. Which idea did you
finally use? Would your idea work on a large scale? Why or why not?</strong></font>
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9. Place the dish on the plastic surface against a white background.<br><br>10.
Fill the dish with water until the water "piles up" above the
plastic edges of the dish (as illustrated below). You may need a
pipette of water to help you do this.
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11. Slip a straw over a glass rod. You may have to cut down the
straw a bit to have the glass rod exposed from both ends, but do not
cut the straw less than the diameter of the petri dish. Hold the rod
at both ends (use both hands). Place the rod and straw horizontally
onto the edge of the dish and in the piled-up water. Pull the rod
over the dish keeping the straw touching the edges of the dish. As
you do this, the surface will be swept clean, as shown below.
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If you leave the rod "parked" on the surface at the end of the
sweep, any surface contamination that was swept in front will stay
enclosed. The sweep technique (invented by Pockels) is an extremely
effective method of ensuring a clean surface.<br><br>12. You can now
remove the contamination by quickly dabbing the end surface with a
clean, dry paper towel.<br><br>13. Using a toothpick, transfer a <i>small</i>
drop of oil to the center of the water surface in the dish.<br><br>14.
Observe carefully what happens.<br><br>15. Now you need to do two
things at once! Keep watching the oil at an angle at which you can
see the color and push the rod and straw over the surface for about
3-4 cm. Then pull it back and push again keeping it on the edges of
the dish.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Describe what
you see here:</strong></font>
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16. You now have an oil slick that has spread out over a
considerable area. Design a way in which the slick can be removed
from the surface. Experiment with microbooms (use cut pieces of
straw or cotton or fishing line) to try to contain the slick.<br><br>If
you sweep it, you are still faced with the problem of removing the
swept oil. If you were in an ocean environment, the boom would have
to be rather long.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Describe your
design here:</strong></font>
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17. Make waves and observe the behavior of the oil slick.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Record your
observations here. Also describe the color of the oil on the surface. You
need to view this at a good angle.</strong></font>
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18. Obtain a detergent solution and dip a clean toothpick - i.e.,
not contaminated with oil - into it. Transfer a small volume of
detergent solution into the middle of the slick.
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Record your
observations here:</strong></font>
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19. You are done with the experimental portion of this activity.
Please clean up your lab materials.
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Oil Spill Cleanup
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Below are images of attempts to clean up portions of the Deep
Horizon Oil Spill: spraying dispersants, burning pools of oil on the
surface, and "floating booms" modeled after the above experiment.
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">http://www.amsa.gov.au<br>/Marine_Environment_Protection<br>/Major_Oil_Spills_in_Australia<br>/Montara_Wellhead/index.asp</font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">http://news.gather.com/viewArticle.action?<br>articleId=281474978248298</font>
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<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">http://www.cleanupoil.com<br>/inflatableboom.htm</font>
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<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>List potential
problems associated with each of the above oil cleanup solutions.</strong></font>
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