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Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport: Active transport
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<strong>Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport:</strong> Active
transport
</p>
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<p class="mainidea">
What is the source of energy for actively transporting ions
against their equilibrium concentrations?
</p>
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On the previous page you created electric potential energy by physically
moving ions with your mouse from one side of the cell membrane to
another. A real cell needs some other source of energy to make that
happen. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), a chemical found in all living
things, provides the energy. When energy is used to move molecules
across a membrane this is called <strong>active transport</strong>.
</p>
<p>
Explore the relationship between ion concentration, ATP concentration,
and the formation of electrical energy below. <strong>To start use the
pull down menus below the model to select a concentration for ATP and
for calcium ions.</strong>
</p>
</body>
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<img src="atpTitle.png" width="596" height="23">
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 730">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="right" style="width: 90px">
 
</td>
<td align="right">
ATP concentration
</td>
<td>
<select script3="script:mw2d:1:set %atpConc 2;" name="jumpMenu" script2="script:mw2d:1:set %atpConc 1;" script1="script:mw2d:1:set %atpConc -1;" id="jumpMenu" selfscript3="enablecomponent 1 true;" selfscript2="enablecomponent 1 true;" selfscript1="// do nothing;">
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if ((%atpConc == -1) or (%caConc == -1));
message addBoth.html;
else;
stop immediately;
set %filename round(%caConc*10+%atpConc);
load %filename%ext;
set %totalChemicalEnergy %number_of_molecules;
set %waitingForCaBinding 1;
set %waitingForATPBinding 0;
set %waitingForATPSettling 0;
set %waitingForClearCavity 0;
set %waitingForProteinTransition 0;
set %waitingForCaSettling 0;
set %waitingForATPPocketFormation 0;
set %waitingForCaRelease 0;
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set %bottomParticleIndex -1;
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set %atomsInProtein 0;
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set %caRight 0;
beginexternal;
@colorbar:10:enablecomponent 2 true; enablecomponent 1 false;
endexternal;
endif;" id="button4" value="load model" type="submit">
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if ((%atpConc == -1) or (%caConc == -1));
message addBoth.html;
else;
stop immediately;
set %filename round(%caConc*10+%atpConc);
load %filename%ext;
set %totalChemicalEnergy %number_of_molecules;
set %waitingForCaBinding 1;
set %waitingForATPBinding 0;
set %waitingForATPSettling 0;
set %waitingForClearCavity 0;
set %waitingForProteinTransition 0;
set %waitingForCaSettling 0;
set %waitingForATPPocketFormation 0;
set %waitingForCaRelease 0;
set %waitingForFlashTransition 0;
set %waitingForProteinReset 0;
set %topBlockerInPlace 1;
set %bottomBlockerInPlace 1;
set %topParticleIndex -1;
set %bottomParticleIndex -1;
set %caToCapture -1;
set %caToCaptureFar -1;
set %caToCaptureNear -1;
set %restraintSet 0;
set %leftObs 0;
set %rightObs 0;
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set %flashImage 0;
set %caCount 0;
set %atpCount 0;
set %atomsInProtein 0;
set %caLeft 0;
set %caRight 0;
endif;" id="button3" value="reset" type="submit">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">
Ca<sup>+2</sup> concentration
</td>
<td align="left">
<select script3="script:mw2d:1:set %caConc 2;" name="jumpMenu2" script2="script:mw2d:1:set %caConc 1;" script1="script:mw2d:1:set %caConc -1;" id="jumpMenu" selfscript3="enablecomponent 1 true;" selfscript2="enablecomponent 1 true;" selfscript1="// do nothing">
<option>none
<option>low
<option>high
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<td style="width: 30px" align="right">
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messages on
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<td style="width: 90px" align="right">
 
</td>
<td colspan="3" align="center">
<span class="style2">After changing concentrations press the "load
model" button.</span>
</td>
<td style="width: 30px" align="right">
 
</td>
<td align="left">
 
</td>
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</table>
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<body class="question">
<p class="question">
What factor most affects how much chemical energy you start with?
</p>
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<html>A low ATP concentration causes a high chemical energy.</html>
<html>A high ATP concentration causes a high chemical energy.</html>
<html>A low calcium ion concentration causes a high chemical energy.</html>
<html>A high calcium ion concentration causes a high chemical energy.</html>
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Describe how the chemical energy in ATP is converted into electric
potential energy. (<a href="script:page:0:message activeHint.html">hint</a>)
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