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My report on "Chemical Bonds"
My report on "Chemical Bonds"
Student name: Kelly Birkeland
Teacher name: Dr_R_Belton
School: Northern Michigan University
Submission Time: 9/23/12 6:25 PM
Page 1 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page1.cml
1. Which answer best describes electrons when they surround the nucleus of an atom?
(a) They follow circular paths around the nucleus.
(b) They follow ellipitcal paths around the nucleus.
(c) They are found in regions of space that take certain shapes.
(d) They orbit each other while at the same time orbiting the nucleus.
My answer is (c) (4:57:40 PM)
Page 2 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page2.cml
1. Describe why charging walls changes the shape of the orbital.
The orbitals are considered negatively charged due to the negative charge of the electron(s) within it. Opposite charges attract, while similar charges oppose each other. When the wall charge was changed to positive, the orbital moved towards it. When the wall charge was changed to negative, the orbital moved away from it. (4:59:49 PM)
2. Does the distance between charges have any effect on the shape of the orbital? Support your answer with observations.
The closer together the charges became, the orbitals more strongly moved towards the opposing charge. An oval orbital shape would occur as the orbital moved towards the opposing charge. (5:01:41 PM)
Page 3 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page3.cml
1. Select "Use Another Hydrogen Atom" and drag it around. Which best describes what you see?
(a) The electrons are attracted to each other.
(b) The electrons are attracted to the other atom's nucleus.
(c) The electrons are attracted to both nuclei.
My answer is (c) (5:01:59 PM)
2. A covalent bond is formed when the electrons from two different atoms are considered to be "shared" between the nuclei. Move the two hydrogen atoms close together and explain how this can be a representation of a covalent bond.
By moving the two hydrogen bonds closer together, the representation of a covalent bond can be seen due to the overlapping of orbitals between the atoms. Each hydrogen atom's orbital is attracted to the opposing atom's nucleus therefore creating an oval shaped orbital upon bringing them closer together. (5:03:39 PM)
Page 4 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page4.cml
1. Place your annotated molecule here, showing which part is slightly positive and which part is slightly negative:
One of the two atoms that have come together to form a bonded molecule has a higher electronegativity than the other. Therefore, overall positive and negative sides of the molecule have been formed. (5:05:50 PM)
Page 5 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page5.cml
1. Try setting one atom to have a slightly higher electronegativity than the other. Where do the electrons end up?
(a) Closer to the one with higher electronegativity.
(b) Closer to the one with lower electronegativity.
(c) The electrons are spread evenly.
My answer is (a) (5:06:12 PM)
2. When the electrons end up shifted toward the nucleus of one of the atoms, that causes the surface of the molecule around that atom to be:
(a) slightly positive.
(b) slightly negative.
(c) perfectly neutral.
My answer is (b) (5:06:22 PM)
3. Explain your answers to the two multiple choice questions. Be sure to use the term "electronegativity" correctly in your answer. help
The atom with a higher electronegativity attracts the electrons towards it's nucleus. This creates a "bulge" in the molecules orbital shape around the higher electronegative atom. Also, due to the electrons favoring that atom, the surface of the molecule around the higher electronegative atom is more negative than the other side of the molecule. (5:08:45 PM)
Page 6 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page6.cml
1. If you want to make a non-polar covalent bond, the difference in electronegativities between the atoms should be:
(a) large
(b) moderate
(c) very small
My answer is (c) (5:09:55 PM)
2. If you want to make an ionic bond, the difference in electronegativities between the atoms should be:
(a) large
(b) moderate
(c) very small
My answer is (a) (5:10:07 PM)
3. If you want to make a polar covalent bond, the difference in electronegativities between the atoms should be:
(a) large
(b) moderate
(c) very small
My answer is (b) (5:10:13 PM)
4. What is the approximate numeric difference in electronegativity that divides non-polar from polar? (All answers within a particular range are acceptable.) hint
0.5 (5:12:02 PM)
5. What is the approximate numeric difference in electronegativity that divides polar from ionic? (All answers within a particular range are acceptable.) hint
2.0 (5:12:15 PM)
Page 7 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page7.cml
1. What kind of bond is formed between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (c) (5:13:19 PM)
2. What kind of bond is formed between hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (b) (5:13:21 PM)
3. What kind of bond is formed between carbon (C) and carbon (C)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (a) (5:13:36 PM)
4. Experiment with choosing various pairs of elements from different areas of the periodic table to see what kind of bonds are formed. What patterns do you see?
On the periodic table, the level of electronegativity increases as one moves up and/or right. Therefore, the farther apart the elements are on the periodic table, the greater the difference in electronegativity as well as the increased probability that there will be an ionic bond formed. Conversely, the closer the elements are to one another on the periodic table, the difference in electronegativity decreases therefore potentially forming a polar covalent or non-polar covalent bond. (5:19:06 PM)
Page 8 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page8.cml
1. What kind of bond is formed between carbon (C) and oxygen (O)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (b) (5:19:56 PM)
2. What kind of bond is formed between hydrogen (H) and carbon (C)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (a) (5:20:06 PM)
3. What kind of bond is formed between nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O)?
(a) non-polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
My answer is (a) (5:20:16 PM)
Page 9 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page9.cml
1. Place your image of glutamine here showing all polar bonds circled (if any):
The polar bonds, which also means that the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 and 2.1, are circled in red. (6:11:22 PM)
2. Place your image of phenylalanine here showing all polar bonds circled (if any):
There are no polar covalent bonds in the side chain of this amino acid. (6:12:51 PM)
3. Which amino acid would be good to use in the part of a protein that spans a cell membrane? Non-polar amino acids work best inside of membranes.
(a) glutamine
(b) phenylalanine
(c) either would work well
My answer is (b) (6:13:04 PM)
4. Explain why you made that choice.
A cell membrane has a polar "outside" and a non-polar "middle". Therefore, it is beneficial to have a completely non-polar side chain of a membrane bound amino acid. The non-polar membrane would allow for the sidechain and amino acid to be present whereas the polar side chain would be opposed and pushed away from the membrane. (6:16:01 PM)
Page 10 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/bondtype/page10.cml
1. Which of the following is NOT a chemical bond between two atoms:
(a) non-polar covalent bond
(b) polar covalent bond
(c) hydrogen bond
(d) ionic bond
My answer is (c) (6:16:19 PM)
2. In a non-polar covalent bond:
(a) electrons are shared evenly
(b) electrons are shared unevenly
(c) one or more electrons are transferred
(d) both B and C can be true
My answer is (a) (6:16:42 PM)
3. Define electronegativity.
Electronegativity is an atoms ability to attract electrons from another atom when bonded together. (6:18:48 PM)
4. In a polar covalent bond:
(a) both atoms have the same electronegativity
(b) one atom has a slightly higher electronegativity
(c) one atom has a much higher electronegativity
My answer is (b) (6:18:48 PM)
5. Is water a polar molecule? Describe in detail how you know. Use the electronegativity table to the right to see values for various elements. Be sure to mention electronegativity, the meaning of polarity, the sharing of electrons, and the coloring of the water molecule seen in the diagram.
Water is a polar molecule and can be proven by multiple reasons. First, the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen is 1.34, which is within the range to be identified as a polar covalent bonded molecule. Second, polarity descirbes the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. This unequal sharing can be seen clearly by the coloration of the molecule in the diagram. The blue color shows the more negative surface of the molecule and the red shows the more positive surface of the molecule. The blue is around the oxygen molecule due to it's higher electronegativity and because it attracts the electrons from hydrogen towards itself. Lastly, the diagram depicts the overall net polarity of the molecule with the more positive and negative sides. (6:25:02 PM)
6. To make an ionic bond you would want to pick elements:
(a) from the left side of the periodic table
(b) from the right side of the periodic table
(c) from each side of the periodic table, one from the left and one from the right
My answer is (c) (6:21:41 PM)
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