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My report on "From DNA to Proteins"
My report on "From DNA to Proteins"
Student name: Sophia Harding
Teacher name: Dr_R_Belton
Class: BI218_Winter_2013
School: Northern Michigan University
Submission Time: 3/7/13 12:43 AM
Page 1 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page5.cml
1. Make a prediction: which mutation types do you think will most likely cause the biggest changes in the translated protein? (Check ALL that apply.)
(a) substitution
(b) insertion
(c) deletion
My answer is (b) (c) (12:02:07 AM)
2. Explain the reasoning behind your prediction. (In the rest of this activity, you will learn how to test this prediction.)
Insertion and deletion change the entire frame for translation, thus changing every amino acid that comes after the mutated codon. Substitution could result in a silent mutation, depending on which position the altered nucleotide holds in the codon, because it does not affect the reference frame. (12:04:10 AM)
Page 2 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page6.cml
1. Challenge 1: Insert the snapshot image of the protein synthesized before the mutation.
(12:08:44 AM)
2. Challenge 1: Insert the snapshot image of the protein after mutation.
(12:08:49 AM)
3. Challenge 2: Place an image of a protein here that has one of the original hydrophobic amino acids changed to another by a substitution mutation.
(12:11:08 AM)
4. Some substitution mutations result in a malfunctioning protein, but others do not. What might be the reason for this?
If the substitution results in the same amino acid being coded for, then the protein will be the same as before the mutation occured. Alternatively, some mutations that do affect amino acid sequence may either improve the functioning of the protein (rare, but possible) or change the protein to an alternative state which can still perform the protein's function. (12:14:12 AM)
Page 3 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page7.cml
1. All of the following codons are used in the model below. Synthesize the protein, and then check off the ones that code for Leu. (Check ALL that apply.)
(a) CUC
(b) CUA
(c) CUU
(d) CCU
My answer is (a) (b) (c) (12:15:28 AM)
2. Enter the original codon:
CUC (12:16:55 AM)
3. Enter the mutated codon:
CUA (12:16:58 AM)
4. What amino acid is specified by both codons?
Leucine (12:17:09 AM)
Page 4 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page8.cml
1. Drag a snapshot image that shows the mutated protein.
(12:20:27 AM)
2. Compare the effects of a mutation that causes an amino acid change with a mutation that causes a stop codon. Which do you think would affect the protein more? Why?
Changing an amino acid codon results in a protein of the same length with a (possibly) different amino acid somwhere in the chain and a decent chance at being non- or partially-functional. Inserting a stop codon prematurely results in a forshortened protein which is almost guaranteed to be nonfunctional. Inserting a stop codon has a greater effect because it CAN'T be a silent mutation or generate a useable protein. (12:23:14 AM)
Page 5 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page9.cml
1. Take a snapshot image that shows the original protein before mutation.
(12:25:01 AM)
2. Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein resulting from the frame-shift mutation.
(12:25:09 AM)
3. Why do insertion mutations have a bigger effect on the protein than substitution mutations?
Insertions shift the frame of reference for the entire mRNA strand after them, which means that one mutation can mess up all but one amino acid of a protein if it happens in the second codon. Substitution mutations are unable to snow-ball down a protein in such a spectacular manner. The most damage they can do is to cause folding oddities and truncated (or expanded, if they create an early start sequence, which could actually out-do insertions and deletions in the damage department) proteins. (12:28:42 AM)
4. Take a snapshot image that shows the mutant protein that is not the result of a frame-shift.
(12:31:07 AM)
5. How did you make insertion and/or deletion mutations that did not cause a frame-shift?
I inserted an adenine nucleotide in the third slot of the second codon, and deleted the thyamine that used to hold that position. Thus, no frame-shift snowballing down the protein. (12:32:46 AM)
Page 6 : http://mw2.concord.org/public/part2/dna2prot/page10.cml
1. The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called
(a) translation.
(b) transcription.
(c) transformation.
(d) replication.
My answer is (b) (12:33:23 AM)
2. Which one of the following is the mRNA made from the following DNA sequence: TAGTTTAGACGATG
(a) TAGTTTAGACGATC
(b) UAGUUUAGACGAUC
(c) AUCAAAUCUGCUAC
(d) UACUUUACAGCAUC
My answer is (c) (12:33:36 AM)
3. Use the terms DNA, RNA, codon, and protein to explain the connections between genetic information and proteins.
DNA stores genetic information. When DNA is transcribed into mRNA, the genetic information can be taken outside of the nucleus (assuming the cell is eukaryotic) and translated within a Rhybosome into a protein using the ability of mRNA codons to bind to corresponding tRNA anticodons attached to amino acids. (12:36:55 AM)
4. How many nucleotides would be needed to code for a protein with the following amino acid sequence? Ala-Ala-Met-Ile-Leu-Val-Phe-Tyr
(a) 8.
(b) 16.
(c) 24.
(d) 32.
My answer is (c) (12:36:09 AM)
5. In cells that have a nucleus, the DNA is not able to leave the nucleus. How does the information in DNA make its way out of the nucleus so that it can be used in making proteins?
The information is transcribed to mRNA, which can leave the nucleus and be used as a template for protein production. (12:37:43 AM)
6. How can a mutation have no effect?
Silent mutations are those that result in a codon coding for the same amino acid as the orriginal codon. They are generally substitution mutations. (12:38:25 AM)
7. Which types of mutations, among those you created in this activity, are more likely to cause the biggest problems due to the resulting protein? Why?
Insertion and deletion mutations create shifts in the translational frame of reference, potentially causing massive changes in amino acid sequence. They usually result in proteins that look very little like the target protein. (12:39:54 AM)
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