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Electrons in Atoms and Molecules: Chemical Polarity
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<strong><font color="white" size="5">Electrons in Atoms and Molecules:</font></strong><font color="white" size="5">
Chemical Polarity</font>
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What is chemical polarity and how does it relate to electron cloud?
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Understanding chemical polarity is important in understanding
intermolecular interactions. Some molecules are polar and some are
non-polar. Molecular polarity depends on the difference in <a href="script:page:0:message <t><font face=verdana>Electronegativity of an atom is its ability to attract electrons.</t>">electronegativity</a>
between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound's structure.
The models below show how polarity can be explained using the model of
electron clouds.
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<font color="#5c7b67" size="5"><b>The polarity of a diatomic molecule</b></font>
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The model to the right shows a diatomic molecule initially consisting of
two identical atoms. Two sliders are provided below for changing the atoms
to ones that have different electronegativities.
<p>
<b>Instructions:</b>
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Click the "Run" button and observe the movement of the electron clouds.
</li>
<li>
Adjust the sliders so that the atoms' electronegativities are
different and observe what happens. Repeat this for a number of
different settings.
</li>
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Note: <b>Be sure to let the model run for a few seconds and do not move
the nuclei in this model.</b>
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Electronegativity of atom A
Electronegativity in the Pauling Scale
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Electronegativity of atom B
Electronegativity in the Pauling Scale
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<b>Take a snapshot showing a diatomic molecule with more negative charge
in the right part.</b>
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<strong>In the above model, what type of bond is formed when the
difference of electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 1?</strong>
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<html>A non-polar covalent bond.
<html>A polar covalent bond.
<html>A van der Waals bond.
<html>An ionic bond.
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<font color="#5c7b67" size="5"><b>The polarity of a triatomic
molecule</b></font>
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Polarity can also arise from the asymmetric arrangement of atoms in a
molecule. In the model to the right, there is a triatomic molecule with
three nuclei initially placed in a line.
<p>
<b>Instructions:</b>
</p>
<p>
1. Click the "Run" button and observe the movement of the electron cloud
for a while.<br><br>2. Use the "Vertical position of the middle atom"
slider to adjust the position of the central atom until the triatomic
molecule has a conformation that looks like a H<sub><font size="2">2</font></sub>O
molecule:<br><br>
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<p>
<b>Be sure to let the model run for a few seconds between each move</b>.
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<strong>When the three nuclei are in a line, is the molecule polar? Why? </strong>
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<b>Take a snapshot of an H<sub><font size="2">2</font></sub>O-like
molecule. Annotate the snapshot to indicate where the center of the
electron cloud is located. Explain how this is related to the polarity of
the molecule.</b>
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